Question: What is ilm al-kalam?

Answer: Science of discourse, as in discourse about God. It’s the equivalent of theology in the West. 

Question: What is mantiq?

Answer: The science of logic 

Question: What is akhlaq as a discipline in Islamic studies?

Answer: The study of spiritual ethics like anger, jealousy etc.   

Question: What is fiqh?

Answer: Study of Islamic law   

Question: What is falsafah?

Answer: Islamic philosophy that is inspired by Greek philosophy (especially Aristotle and Plato).